![]() Conflicts across the empire drained Rome’s coffers during this period, including the Roman–Parthian War, the Great Jewish Revolt, and several civil wars. Caesar Augustus, Julius Caesar, and other great Roman leaders of that era were known for their commitment to a stable monetary system. The Denarius: A Brief HistoryĪfter its inception during the 2nd Punic War, the silver Denarius maintained a consistent weight and purity for nearly 300 years. Inflation is often a product of government engineering rather than natural economic growth. Of course, this causes the prices of goods and services to rise. This allows the government to pay off the same nominal expenditures with a less valuable currency. Option 3: Debasing the currency means reducing the value of each currency unit. Only in Rome’s final years did emperors resort to debilitating taxation. Rulers that want to keep their heads tend to avoid burdening their populations with excessive taxation, especially when they can choose a much less obvious and more sinister option 3. Rome did not have the option of selling bonds like modern governments, so emperors rarely took on debt. As you might imagine, civilizations have a terrible track record of paying off debt once they acquire it. Option 1: Taking on debt pushes the problem of financial default into the future. When a civilization runs out of money, they face three options: Eventually, the Romans ran out of ways to finance their expenditures, despite having such a large taxable population. New borders needed protecting new enemies needed fighting new trade routes needed building. Rome’s military-industrial complex perpetually added costs without ever reducing them. Some situations, such as war, infrastructure projects, or natural disasters, pushed expenditures over revenue, but the Roman government covered the difference with wealth produced from gold and silver mines or conquered enemies.Īs the empire reached its zenith in 117 AD, Roman emperors encountered an ever-growing list of expenses without revenue to match. Riches to Ragsĭuring Rome’s expansion, tax revenue tended to cover imperial expenditures. Tracking the Denarius over its 500-year lifespan helps us understand how and why Rome collapsed. ![]() Because of this, the fall of the Denarius mirrors the economic decay of the empire itself. However, the silver Denarius served as Rome’s economic backbone. Roman citizens also used other mediums of exchange, such copper and bronze coins and even land. By that time, the Denarius had been debased out of existence. Both coins lasted until the reign of Constantine (306 – 337 AD). The gold Aureus began circulating in the 1st century BC and gained popularity during the reign of Julius Caesar (46 – 44 BC). The silver Denarius, first minted during the 2nd Punic War (218 – 201 BC), soon became Rome’s primary currency unit. A centralized currency also simplified tax collection. The government minted and circulated the gold Aureus and silver Denarius to provide citizens with a reliable medium of exchange. The Romans built their monetary system on precious metals. Like hundreds of powerful societies before and since, Rome’s destruction came when the government resorted to currency debasement. ![]() So, how did excessive government spending, currency devaluation, inflation, and a breakdown of trade end up tearing the empire apart? The answer can be found in Rome’s treacherous transition from hard money to easy money. For centuries, Rome led the world in all these categories. Because of this, economic strength in a culture often correlates with spiritual stability, technological innovation, and cultural achievement. Money touches every aspect of human life. While all these factors contributed, Rome’s decline really comes down to one thing: money. ![]() How does an empire that controls global trade and 20% of the earth’s population lose its sovereignty? Historians have debated this for centuries, pointing to religious turmoil, destruction of traditional Roman values, Germanic invasions, and political corruption. Roman aqueducts revolutionized the movement of water Roman roads connected trade routes across Europe, Africa, and Asia Roman armies conquered 5 million square kilometers of territory Roman art and literature layed the groundwork for modern Western culture.Īnd yet, Rome fell apart. If ever there was an unbreakable civilization, the Romans held the title. Three hundred years later, the Denarius had been reduced to a worthless scrap of copper alongside a crumbled empire. When Matthew wrote his gospel in 85 AD, one pure silver Denarius covered the daily wages of a skilled Roman craftsman.
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![]() ![]() ![]() Whereas games often render tiles that happen to end up off screen or covered by other tiles.Īlso, most games are loading and overriding tiles and palettes in chunks ("tilesets"), even if only some of them end up actually getting used, This results in a way of rendering a scene to look the same as the original footage,īut is generally more efficient, because it uses several optimizations that the original game doesn't use.įor one, it only renders a tile only if it will actually be visible on the screen at some point during the scene, That makes a total of 912*154 = 140448 cycles spent per frame, resulting in a frame rate of 8388608 Hz/140448 = ~59.72 fps. The rest of the time is spent in Mode 0 (also called HBlank), in which the LCD is inactive.Īfter all 144 lines are rendered that way, 10 more sets of 912 cycles are spent with the LCD inactive in Mode 1 (also called VBlank). It is followed by Mode 3, in which the data to render is sent to the LCD controller, and which can take anywhere from ~344 to ~592 cycles, depending on a lot of factors, like the number of sprites on that line. The first phase is Mode 2, in which the LCD controller searches through the sprites to render, and which lasts for 160 cycles. These 912 cycles are split up into 3 phases, called Modes. The time spent on each line is constant, exactly 912 cycles each (All listed cycle counts assume double-speed mode, single speed cycles counts are halved). The screen has 144 lines, with 160 pixels each. The Gameboy renders its screen line by line, one at a time.Įach line is largely treated independently from the others. So a single tile can be used with different palettes in different places. Palettes are not bound to individual tiles, but to the place in the background, window or sprite where they are used, In addition to tiles, there are color palettes, which define which of the 4 colors of a tile corresponds to which RGB color (15bit color depth). They are used for anything that moves on the background. Lastly, the Sprites are either single (8x8) or double (8x16) tiles, that can be places anywhere on the screen and can be semi-transparent. They are often used for menus, dialogs, splashscreens, etc. The Window uses the same tile grids as be background, but is not scrollable and rendered over the background. The Background is a 32x32 tile grid (actually two of them that you can choose one of to use) that can be smoothly scrolled around on, and is often used for background images. These tiles can be rendered on the screen in three different ways: Background, Window and Sprites. All graphics are based on 8x8 pixel tiles with 2bpp depth (i.e. Always keeping it interesting, changing it up. This means, that we see the characters be awesome, but then have a hard time, then they're awesome again, but then they have a bad time again. If the players are out of FATE points they are out of luck, and misfortune will seek them (the players are even encouraged to seek this misfortune via compels). But their luck is finite, as they only have so many FATE points. That is what drama is about: Protagonists defeating overwhelming opposition. It makes you spin a story, to justify why you can use your better Approach, which in turn enriches the narration, but it doesn't mean that you can always use your best Approach: As a buff-barbarian you cannot forcefully hack a computer.įATE points also work well with Aspects as a mechanic: Everyone can if they really want to succeed at everything. Same thing with Approaches: They seem under-defined, a bit too open, and everyone is always able to use their better Approaches, but this isn't a bad thing, as I mentioned in my Lasers&Feelings Review before. They are also way better than "Sneaky: +3 Fighting: +5" skills (wait, isn't that what FATE Core does? Yes! More on Skills in a bit). For rules and crunch I'd rather play a boardgame like Descent.Īspects as mechanical character traits (rather than just flavour) are very open regarding the rules, still work well with the other parts of the system though. The focus is obviously narration, which in my opinion is the best kind of focus to have for a system. System-wise, FATE Accelerated is pretty good, too: Nice! Very good for giving it to your players, telling them to read it for a game you want to run with them.Įven better: FATE Accelerated is freely available. The character sheet is also pretty simplistic ![]() To start, FATE Accelerated is just 50 6x9 pages - 40 pages if you ignore some of the useless stuff like the index, etc. ![]() This post is based on a german video I made earlier. If you're interested in how FATE Accelerated, I made a rules explanation video for it already.įun fact: In german FATE Accelerated is called Turbo FATE … Because … I don't know why. ![]() This one is about FATE Accelerated Edition (or short FAE), FATE Core's simpler version. ![]() Right-click on the Trash icon, select “Empty Trash”. In the list of installed applications, select Marble Arena 2 1.3 as a target, and hit “Run Analysis”.ĭo it once you are certain that you will never use Marble Arena 2 1.3 again (or in a short time at least). Download - Install - Run App Uninstaller 2. What I’m only interested in is how to quickly get things done”. In the very beginning, I would like to introduce an easy approach to uninstall this app on Mac, just in case you are like “Geez, don’t put me through the knowledge. Using App Uninstaller by to Breezily Remove Marble Arena 2 1.3 I believe after going through the whole process, you will be much more familiar with your Mac. ![]() The following are specific steps for you to fully remove Marble Arena 2 1.3. Regards to removals on macOS, keywords shall be Finder, Library, Preference, and Application Support instead. Let’s temporarily isolate other Windows logicality from our mind, forget about the Start menu, Control Panel, Registry Editor, etc. If you don’t deal with them termly, issues would be generated. So there is one thing you can be sure of: too many junks will slow down your computer, and they are accumulating during the operation. Removing the useless applications from your computer is still one of the simplest ways to speed up your system, where everything lives to work, occupying part of the hardware resources including hard drive space and memory. Now go with how to correctly remove Marble Arena 2 1.3. If you happen to be a newbie of Mac Computer, take the chance to learn something. This page can help you understand the basic knowledge of system maintenance, guiding you through the confusion of removal problems. Removals on macOS are quite different from those on Microsoft Windows OS. ![]() How to Remove Marble Arena 2 1.3 on macOS ![]() also imaginang, that you could beat any of the 4 games in around an hour is mind boggling to me. for example the health of the enemies seems to vary on each playthrough making the games somewhat unpredictable. otherwise he would just slam into the door, face first! generally, there seem to be a lot of random things in the games. in sh1 harry doesn't stop on a dime, so when entering doors you have to hit the right angle to the door. Report Konami has two new Silent Hill games in development Samsung s top budget phone comes with free earbuds in Memorial. you can skip the abstract daddy boss fight while having text on the screen (per quick saving again). but it is also very interesting, because they're going very deep into the mechanics of the games.įor example: in sh2 james doesn't fatigue (in the pc version) when the game is quick saved. i have a love / hate relationship with speedruns as they completely murder the games that they're playing by skipping cut scenes and using every glitch possible. The best place to get cheats, codes, cheat codes, walkthrough, guide, FAQ, unlockables, trophies, and secrets for Resident Evil 3 (2020) for PlayStation 4. Continued abuse of our services will cause your IP address to be blocked indefinitely.I just watched speedruns for 1-4 on the youtube site of games done quick. Please fill out the CAPTCHA below and then click the button to indicate that you agree to these terms. Villain Leon ResidentEvil4Remake ResidentEvil REBHFun Cant wait to choose this costume to play. If you wish to be unblocked, you must agree that you will take immediate steps to rectify this issue. If you do not understand what is causing this behavior, please contact us here. If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we'll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. ![]() Overusing our search engine with a very large number of searches in a very short amount of time. ![]() Using a badly configured (or badly written) browser add-on for blocking content.Running a "scraper" or "downloader" program that either does not identify itself or uses fake headers to elude detection.Using a script or add-on that scans GameFAQs for box and screen images (such as an emulator front-end), while overloading our search engine.There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does.Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. halloween costume, cosplay, exclusive, dancing, twerking. If you are using Maxthon or Brave as a browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, you should know that these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse. 105:10 Silent Hill UFO HARD SPEEDRUN Grande e Gostosa WR 26:58 PB 26:58. ![]() The most common causes of this issue are: Costume: Cybil Bennett - Silent Hill 1 Officer Cybil Bennetts police uniform consists out of a pair of strangely tight black leather pants, tucked in her black leather biker boots. Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests. ![]() When buying glasses, you may be required to enter either your Single or Dual PD. Note that a PD number can be expressed either as a binocular Single PD (total distance between centers of pupils) or as a monocular Dual PD (a separate value for each eye between the center of the pupil to the center between your eyes, which can also be added together to equal the Single PD). I’d also encourage you to try other PD rulers and find other online guides and videos to help demonstrate how to properly use a PD ruler. For best results, measure your PD multiple times and with different methods to minimize the chance of inaccurate results. When you use it, be sure to hold the paper straight and not bend it against your forehead, as that may skew the results. Then simply follow the instructions on the PDF on how to prepare and use the ruler. Use another ruler that can measure in millimeters to compare it to the printed version and ensure that it matches perfectly. Click here to download the PDF of the ruler, and print it at 100% scale on US Letter paper (8.5 by 11 inches). To use the ruler, you will need a printer, paper (thicker paper works best), and scissors to cut out the ruler. ![]() Thank you! (Usage instructions continue below.) ![]() To interrupt this post with a quick request, if you find this PD ruler useful, please consider taking a moment and making a donation using the PayPal Donate button below to allow me to continue providing and maintaining free projects like this. If you would like to offer any feedback or request any changes to it, feel free to leave a comment, and I’ll see if I can tweak it or make a customized version for you. ![]() And so I prepared it in a format and with instructions for anyone to use, and so I am sharing it here, a free, downloadable, printable, PD ruler! (And later, this tool was updated in December 2020 with alternate nose cutouts on the second, lower, ruler to ensure it will work better for a variety of faces!) Recently, going through my old work, I thought that these days, a lot of people might feel less comfortable going to shop for new glasses in stores, and so this PD ruler I had already created might be of use to more people. After a few iterations, I had a ruler which I was happy with, we got our PD numbers, and we ordered our glasses. Using what I had learned from our various efforts at getting an accurate PD number and noticing where the other rulers felt less user friendly, I went into Inkscape, my vector illustration program of choice, and made my own. Not satisfied with the other rulers, I decided I could take my graphic design skills and do one better. One was useful for getting a single PD reading but couldn’t help with getting a more precise value for each eye, another was meant for getting the dual PD reading (the separate value for each eye between the center of the pupil to the vertical center of the face) but it was hard to actually read the measurement and didn’t feel well positioned. I tried a couple different PD rulers, but I wasn’t completely satisfied with them. I found that online glasses providers have available PD rulers that anyone can download, print, and with the help of a friend or a mirror actually find their PD number. I was also helping a couple relatives who similarly wanted to order glasses online, and they didn’t have any information for the PD measurement on their prescriptions at all! So I needed a way to find the measurement. But I wasn’t quite sure what to enter, as I had gotten slightly conflicting numbers from different optometrists in the past. But besides entering in my vision prescription, I also needed to provide my Pupillary Distance (PD) measurement, which is the distance in millimeters between the centers of the pupils of your eyes. Last year, I was looking for a new pair of glasses, and I decided I’d try ordering glasses online. Read on from the top for the story behind the ruler:Ĭlick here to download the printable PD ruler (includes instructions) (PDF) Scroll to the bottom for usage disclaimer. Scroll down for printing and usage instructions. Manuscript received May 1, 2011, final version accepted June 1, 2011.Īddress correspondence to: Hakan Paydak, MD Director, Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 532, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199. The authors report no conflicts of interest for the published content. atrial flutter, intra-isthmus re-entry, surface electrocardiogram. Radiofrequency energy applications led to elimination of atrial flutter without recurrence during follow-up. Entrainment mapping suggested a micro re-entrant circuit localized to the CTI–CS ostium region, consistent with intra-isthmus re-entry atrial flutter. ![]() Earliest atrial activation and double potentials occurred around the ostium of the coronary sinus (CS). We herein present a clinical case in which the electrophysiology study demonstrated a simultaneous CCW and clockwise (CW) pattern occurring during spontaneous atrial flutter despite the typical CCW CTI-dependent atrial flutter appearance on the surface ECG. However, the surface ECG presentation does not reliably predict the mechanism of atrial flutter, especially in the setting of intra-isthmus entry. Surface electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely used for assessment of atrial flutter including typical counterclockwise (CCW) cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter, manifesting as an inverted sawtooth F-wave pattern in the inferior ECG leads II, III, and aVF, and an upright F wave in the precordial lead V 1. ![]() KARAM, MD and HAKAN PAYDAK, MD, FACCĭivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, ARĪBSTRACT. Intra-Isthmus Re-entry: Beyond the Predictability by Atrial Flutter Wave Morphology on Surface Electrocardiogram ![]() You'll want the comfort for long rides too. Expect tuned aerodynamics for more speed on the flat, paired with a light enough ride for efficient climbing and handling that's race-ready while still being predictable enough for all-day riding. Best all-round race bikesĪ race bike should give you something of everything. Ride comfort has improved too and you can now fit tyres up to 30mm wide in place of the stock 25mm Vittoria Rubino Pros with which this spec is shod.Ĭannondale fits a good selection of its own brand kit to the SuperSix, including HollowGram 35 aero carbon wheels, complete with Cannondale's own wheel sensor, and HollowGram chainset with 52/36t chainrings paired to an 11-30t cassette and manual Shimano Ultegra 11-speed shifting. That's made it more of an all-rounder that's fast wherever you're riding, not just a bike that's great for climbing. When the Cannondale SuperSix EVO had a makeover a couple of years ago, it evolved from a highly competent lightweight bike into one with aero tube profiles and an integrated cockpit, while still retaining its edge in handling and performance. You should also find quality, deeper section carbon wheels with tubeless-ready rims and tyres. Many bikes at this price will include a 12-speed electronic groupset, although don't discount mechanical options. You'll invariably get a carbon frame and fork, often with higher grade carbon fibre to help keep weight down. Spend this much money on the best road bike and you can expect a quality, performance machine. There's a huge range of frame sizes available, with the Émonda coming in nine sizes from 47cm up to 64cm. Other kit includes Bontrager bars and a Bontrager stem that's compatible with its Blendr system, so you can bolt on lights, computers and other kit. There are tubeless-ready Bontrager alloy wheels, although the 28mm wire bead tyres would need a swap-out if you want to set up tubeless. This spec of the Émonda ALR headlines with Shimano Tiagra 10-speed shifting and with Tiagra hydraulic disc brakes for great shifting and stopping power. It's also lighter than many carbon framesets at this price point, and even ones that are in the next price band above. The frameset of the alloy Émonda has a quality look with smooth welds that make it appear to be carbon at first sight. Don't think that carbon is essential though as quality alloy frames on the best budget bikes can be lighter and ride better than a lower priced carbon number. You'll still usually find an alloy frame, although carbon fibre will sometimes make an appearance. ![]() Spending twice as much cash as the bikes above will get you some significant upgrades - usually a more sophisticated frame, often hydraulic disc brakes and better components. There's lots of versatility built into the Allez, with rack and mudguard mounts, so you can use it for the commute as well as faster recreational rides. ![]() Groupset-wise the Shimano Claris 8-speed gives you a cassette with 11-32 tooth range and a compact 50/34t chainset, so you can keep going when you hit the hills but still have plenty of top-end speed. Specialized fits its own Axis Sport wheels with 26mm tyres. The range of Specialized components is designed for comfort, like its Body Geometry Bridge saddle and shallow drop bars. Specialized's stalwart entry level alloy road bike comes with a pedigree that stretches back for years and it gets some trickle-down tech from the brand's high end road bikes like an all-carbon fork and a frame with butted tubing to save weight, smooth welds, dropped seat stays and internal cable routing. Add in the best electric road bikes and you've got a huge amount of choice from the leading brands. This merging across categories means that some brands have given up on differentiating their offerings, so there's a class of all-rounder race bikes. That helps increase comfort, so that even the toughest races like Paris-Roubaix have been won on aero machines. And all the best road bikes have increased tyre clearance over their predecessors, often close to that of the best gravel bikes. The best endurance road bikes may ostensibly be built for comfort, but they often add aero flourishes. Likewise, those aero bikes can now be light enough that the pros will be happy to ride them even on hilly races for their performance gains, particularly on downhill sections.Įndurance bikes are another category that now overlaps significantly with other bikes. So whereas the best lightweight road bikes typically came with round tubing and shallow wheels a few years ago, now they'll typically sport similar tube profiles to the best aero road bikes. |